1. Fundamental Principle of 3D Printing

The diagram clearly illustrates the core workflow of 3D printing.

2. Model Preview and Parameter Configuration

Model positioning, automatic support generation, and toolpath planning were performed in Bambu Studio.

3. Original CAD Model

4. Successful Print Specimen

Using properly dried PLA filament, the printing process was stable, interlayer bonding excellent, surface finish fine, and snap-fit features functional without adhesive, indicating that process parameters were in the optimal range.

5. Failed Specimen and Defect Analysis

The same filament batch, stored for an extended period, absorbed significant moisture. This resulted in pronounced stringing, delamination, and localized warping. The reasons for failure:

• Moisture evaporation formed bubbles cause inconsistent extrusion
• Reduced first-layer adhesion causes warping
• Insufficient interlayer cooling causes weakened bonding